Kubernetes Installation in CentOS 7

All the commands must be executed as root or with sudo privilege unless it is specified otherwise.

1. Update the system to latest level.

# yum update -y

2. Verify the MAC address and product_uuid are unique for each node.

# ifconfig -a

# cat /sys/class/dmi/id/product_uuid

3. Letting iptables see bridged traffic

Make sure that the br_netfilter module is loaded

This can be done by running: lsmod | grep br_netfilter

To load it explicitly call: sudo modprobe br_netfilter

4. Iptables to correctly see bridged traffic, ensure net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables is set to 1 in your sysctl config.

# cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1

EOF

# sysctl –system

5. Check required ports are enabled in the IPTABLES or Firewall.

Control-plane node(s) - Enable these ports

Protocol Direction Port Range Purpose Used By

TCP Inbound 6443* Kubernetes API server All

TCP Inbound 2379-2380 etcd server client API kube-apiserver, etcd

TCP Inbound 10250 Kubelet API Self, Control plane

TCP Inbound 10251 kube-scheduler Self

TCP Inbound 10252-10255 kube-controller-manager Self

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=6443/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=2379/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=2380/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10250/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10251/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10252/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10255/tcp

# firewall-cmd –reload

Worker node(s) - Enable these ports

Protocol Direction Port Range Purpose Used By

TCP Inbound 10250 Kubelet API Self, Control plane

TCP Inbound 30000-32767 NodePort Services† All

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10250/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30000-32767/tcp

Any port numbers marked with * are overridable, so need to ensure any custom ports provided are also open.

6. Add the hostname and IP address to /etc/hosts file.

# echo "192.168.1.10 k8s-ctrl-node" >>/etc/hosts

# echo "192.168.1.27 k8s-wrkr-node" >>/etc/hosts

7. Set SELinux in permissive mode (effectively disabling it).

# setenforce 0

# sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config

8. Installing Docker – The runtime

# yum install docker -y

# systemctl enable docker

# systemctl start docker

9. Installing kubeadm, kubelet and kubectl.

kubeadm: the command to bootstrap the cluster.

kubelet: the component that runs on all the machines in cluster and does things like starting pods and containers.

kubectl: the command line util to talk to your cluster.

Configure Kubernetes repo:

# cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo

[kubernetes]

name=Kubernetes

baseurl=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-\$basearch

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

repo_gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg

EOF

# yum install kubeadm kubelet kubectl -y

# systemctl enable kubelet

# systemctl start kubelet

10. Deciding which pod network to use for Container Networking Interface (CNI) should consider the expected demands on the cluster. There can be only one pod network per cluster, although the CNI-Genie project is trying to change this.

The network must allow container-to-container, pod-to-pod, pod-to-service, and external-to-service communications. As Docker uses host-private networking, using the docker0 virtual bridge and veth interfaces would require being on that host to communicate.

We will use Calico as a network plugin which will allow us to use Network Policies. Currently Calico does not deploy using CNI by default. Newer versions of Calico have included RBAC in the main file. Once downloaded look for the expected IPV4 range for containers to use in the configuration file.

# wget https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calico.yaml

11. Use less, vi or vim to page through the file. Look for the IPV4 pool assigned to the containers. There are many different configuration settings in this file. Take a moment to view the entire file. The CALICO_IPV4POOL_CIDR must match the value given to kubeadm init in the following step, whatever the value may be. Avoid conflicts with existing IP ranges of the instance.

# vim calico.yaml

12. Create a configuration file for the cluster. There are many options we could include, but will only set the control plane endpoint, software version to deploy and podSubnet values. After our cluster is initialized, we will view other default values used. Be sure to use the node name, not the IP so the network certificates will continue to work when we deploy a load balancer in a future lab.

# vim kubeadm-config.yaml

13. Initialize the master. Read through the output line by line. At the end are configuration directions to run as a non-root user. The token is mentioned as well. This information can be found later with the kubeadm token list command. The output also directs you to create a pod network to the cluster, which will be our next step. Pass the network settings Calico has in its configuration file, found in the previous step. Before initializing the master, we need to disable the swap in the system.

Note: Save the output of init command for future review.

# swapoff -a

# kubeadm init --config=kubeadm-config.yaml --upload-certs | tee kubeadm-init.out

[root@k8s-ctrl-node ~]# kubeadm init --config=kubeadm-config.yaml --upload-certs |tee kubeadm-init.out

W0818 15:10:33.795725 6643 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups [kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io]

[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.18.8

[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

[WARNING Firewalld]: firewalld is active, please ensure ports [6443 10250] are open or your cluster may not function correctly

[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster

[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection

[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'

[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"

[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"

[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet

[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"

[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key

[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key

[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-ctrl-node kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local k8s-ctrl-node] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.1.10]

[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key

[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key

[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key

[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key

[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key

[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-ctrl-node localhost] and IPs [192.168.1.10 127.0.0.1 ::1]

[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key

[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-ctrl-node localhost] and IPs [192.168.1.10 127.0.0.1 ::1]

[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key

[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key

[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key

[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"

[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file

[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file

[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file

[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file

[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"

[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"

[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"

W0818 15:10:38.336363 6643 manifests.go:225] the default kube-apiserver authorization-mode is "Node,RBAC"; using "Node,RBAC"

[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"

W0818 15:10:38.337786 6643 manifests.go:225] the default kube-apiserver authorization-mode is "Node,RBAC"; using "Node,RBAC"

[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"

[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s

[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 17.502452 seconds

[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace

[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.18" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster

[upload-certs] Storing the certificates in Secret "kubeadm-certs" in the "kube-system" Namespace

[upload-certs] Using certificate key:

013da2f3cdb9a5d434af0dae84f8c0f0cef34e5a7abb68bfbd9db138680a19bf

[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-ctrl-node as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"

[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-ctrl-node as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]

[bootstrap-token] Using token: m5aw0z.fruf9mj9yk91pj2r

[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles

[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes

[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials

[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token

[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster

[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace

[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key

[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS

[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube

sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config

sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.

Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:

https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

You can now join any number of the control-plane node running the following command on each as root:

kubeadm join k8s-ctrl-node:6443 --token m5aw0z.fruf9mj9yk91pj2r \

--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:75dc7ce02003921a665ca25d43008e18ba7c96e7f802efdf75a3428f25bb93de \

--control-plane --certificate-key 013da2f3cdb9a5d434af0dae84f8c0f0cef34e5a7abb68bfbd9db138680a19bf

Please note that the certificate-key gives access to cluster sensitive data, keep it secret!

As a safeguard, uploaded-certs will be deleted in two hours; If necessary, you can use

"kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs" to reload certs afterward.

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join k8s-ctrl-node:6443 --token m5aw0z.fruf9mj9yk91pj2r \

--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:75dc7ce02003921a665ca25d43008e18ba7c96e7f802efdf75a3428f25bb93de

[root@k8s-ctrl-node ~]#

Note: In case if you get any error and rerun above the command again, then you need to reset the configuration before re-run. The below command can be used to reset the configuration.

# kubeadm reset –force

14. As suggested in the directions at the end of the previous output we will allow a non-root user admin level access to the cluster. Run these commands as non-root user.

$ mkdir -p $HOME/.kube

$ sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config

$ sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

15. Apply the network plugin configuration to your cluster. Remember to copy the file to the current, non-root user directory first. Run this command as non-root user

$ kubectl apply -f calico.yaml

16. While many objects have short names, a kubectl command can be a lot to type. We will enable bash auto-completion. Begin by adding the settings to the current shell. Then update the .bashrc file to make it persistent.

# yum install -y bash-completion

Run below commands with non-root user.

$ source <(kubectl completion bash)

$ cd

$ echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> .bashrc

Logout and login back to the non-root user to test this functionality.

$ kubectl des<Tab> n<Tab><Tab> lfs458-<Tab>

$ kubectl -n kube-s<Tab> g<Tab> po<Tab>

Here from all the kubeadm commands can be issues as non-root user. Use the root user only when it is specified.

17. View other values we could have included in the kubeadm-config.yaml file when creating the cluster.

$ kubeadm config print init-defaults

W0818 15:42:08.928653 21896 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups [kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io]

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2

bootstrapTokens:

- groups:

- system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token

token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef

ttl: 24h0m0s

usages:

- signing

- authentication

kind: InitConfiguration

localAPIEndpoint:

advertiseAddress: 1.2.3.4

bindPort: 6443

nodeRegistration:

criSocket: /var/run/dockershim.sock

taints:

- effect: NoSchedule

key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master

---

apiServer:

timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2

certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki

clusterName: kubernetes

controllerManager: {}

dns:

type: CoreDNS

etcd:

local:

dataDir: /var/lib/etcd

imageRepository: k8s.gcr.io

kind: ClusterConfiguration

kubernetesVersion: v1.18.0

networking:

dnsDomain: cluster.local

serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12

scheduler: {}

18. To see the details of master node:

$ kubectl describe nodes k8s-ctrl-node

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl describe nodes k8s-ctrl-node

Name: k8s-ctrl-node

Roles: master

Labels: beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64

beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux

kubernetes.io/arch=amd64

kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-ctrl-node

kubernetes.io/os=linux

node-role.kubernetes.io/master=

Annotations: kubeadm.alpha.kubernetes.io/cri-socket: /var/run/dockershim.sock

node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: 0

projectcalico.org/IPv4Address: 192.168.1.10/24

projectcalico.org/IPv4IPIPTunnelAddr: 172.16.121.0

volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach: true

CreationTimestamp: Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:10:54 +0000

Taints: node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule

Unschedulable: false

Lease:

HolderIdentity: k8s-ctrl-node

AcquireTime: <unset>

RenewTime: Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:45:48 +0000

Conditions:

Type Status LastHeartbeatTime LastTransitionTime Reason Message

---- ------ ----------------- ------------------ ------ -------

NetworkUnavailable False Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:27:43 +0000 Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:27:43 +0000 CalicoIsUp Calico is running on this node

MemoryPressure False Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:42:58 +0000 Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:10:47 +0000 KubeletHasSufficientMemory kubelet has sufficient memory available

DiskPressure False Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:42:58 +0000 Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:10:47 +0000 KubeletHasNoDiskPressure kubelet has no disk pressure

PIDPressure False Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:42:58 +0000 Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:10:47 +0000 KubeletHasSufficientPID kubelet has sufficient PID available

Ready True Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:42:58 +0000 Tue, 18 Aug 2020 15:27:28 +0000 KubeletReady kubelet is posting ready status

Addresses:

InternalIP: 192.168.1.10

Hostname: k8s-ctrl-node

Capacity:

cpu: 2

ephemeral-storage: 20960236Ki

hugepages-1Gi: 0

hugepages-2Mi: 0

memory: 3831156Ki

pods: 110

Allocatable:

cpu: 2

ephemeral-storage: 19316953466

hugepages-1Gi: 0

hugepages-2Mi: 0

memory: 3728756Ki

pods: 110

System Info:

Machine ID: 3d5c05376530a2eb49e3e90576f83c5b

System UUID: EC2F8D68-187C-E508-A20E-C45B0C1C1A78

Boot ID: 6ed2fd4b-4c3b-4dff-aa14-d9f131e61c9b

Kernel Version: 3.10.0-1127.18.2.el7.x86_64

OS Image: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)

Operating System: linux

Architecture: amd64

Container Runtime Version: docker://1.13.1

Kubelet Version: v1.18.8

Kube-Proxy Version: v1.18.8

PodCIDR: 172.16.0.0/24

PodCIDRs: 172.16.0.0/24

Non-terminated Pods: (9 in total)

Namespace Name CPU Requests CPU Limits Memory Requests Memory Limits AGE

--------- ---- ------------ ---------- --------------- ------------- ---

kube-system calico-kube-controllers-578894d4cd-j9zs2 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 18m

kube-system calico-node-gjb4z 250m (12%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 18m

kube-system coredns-66bff467f8-dvwmt 100m (5%) 0 (0%) 70Mi (1%) 170Mi (4%) 34m

kube-system coredns-66bff467f8-kbcjl 100m (5%) 0 (0%) 70Mi (1%) 170Mi (4%) 34m

kube-system etcd-k8s-ctrl-node 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 34m

kube-system kube-apiserver-k8s-ctrl-node 250m (12%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 34m

kube-system kube-controller-manager-k8s-ctrl-node 200m (10%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 34m

kube-system kube-proxy-dnggs 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 34m

kube-system kube-scheduler-k8s-ctrl-node 100m (5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 34m

Allocated resources:

(Total limits may be over 100 percent, i.e., overcommitted.)

Resource Requests Limits

-------- -------- ------

cpu 1 (50%) 0 (0%)

memory 140Mi (3%) 340Mi (9%)

ephemeral-storage 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

hugepages-1Gi 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

hugepages-2Mi 0 (0%) 0 (0%)

Events:

Type Reason Age From Message

---- ------ ---- ---- -------

Normal Starting 35m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Starting kubelet.

Normal NodeHasSufficientMemory 35m (x3 over 35m) kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Node k8s-ctrl-node status is now: NodeHasSufficientMemory

Normal NodeHasNoDiskPressure 35m (x3 over 35m) kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Node k8s-ctrl-node status is now: NodeHasNoDiskPressure

Normal NodeHasSufficientPID 35m (x3 over 35m) kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Node k8s-ctrl-node status is now: NodeHasSufficientPID

Normal NodeAllocatableEnforced 35m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Updated Node Allocatable limit across pods

Normal Starting 34m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Starting kubelet.

Normal NodeHasSufficientMemory 34m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Node k8s-ctrl-node status is now: NodeHasSufficientMemory

Normal NodeHasNoDiskPressure 34m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Node k8s-ctrl-node status is now: NodeHasNoDiskPressure

Normal NodeHasSufficientPID 34m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Node k8s-ctrl-node status is now: NodeHasSufficientPID

Normal NodeAllocatableEnforced 34m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Updated Node Allocatable limit across pods

Normal Starting 34m kube-proxy, k8s-ctrl-node Starting kube-proxy.

Normal NodeReady 18m kubelet, k8s-ctrl-node Node k8s-ctrl-node status is now: NodeReady

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

Setting Up Worker Nodes to Join Kubernetes Cluster

All the commands must be executed as root or with sudo privilege unless it is specified otherwise.

1. Update the system to latest level.

# yum update -y

2. Verify the MAC address and product_uuid are unique for each node.

# ifconfig -a

# cat /sys/class/dmi/id/product_uuid

3. Letting iptables see bridged traffic

Make sure that the br_netfilter module is loaded

This can be done by running: lsmod | grep br_netfilter

To load it explicitly call: sudo modprobe br_netfilter

4. Iptables to correctly see bridged traffic, ensure net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables is set to 1 in your sysctl config.

# cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1

net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1

EOF

# sysctl --system

5. Check required ports are enabled in the IPTABLES or Firewall.

Worker node(s) - Enable these ports

Protocol Direction Port Range Purpose Used By

TCP Inbound 10250 Kubelet API Self, Control plane

TCP Inbound 30000-32767 NodePort Services† All

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10250/tcp

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30000-32767/tcp

6. Add the hostname and IP address to /etc/hosts file.

# echo "192.168.1.10 k8s-ctrl-node" >>/etc/hosts

# echo "192.168.1.27 k8s-wrkr-node" >>/etc/hosts

7. Set SELinux in permissive mode (effectively disabling it).

# setenforce 0

# sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config

8. Installing Docker – The runtime

# yum install docker -y

# systemctl enable docker

# systemctl start docker

9. Installing kubeadm, kubelet and kubectl.

kubeadm: the command to bootstrap the cluster.

kubelet: the component that runs on all the machines in cluster and does things like starting pods and containers.

kubectl: the command line util to talk to your cluster.

Configure Kubernetes repo:

# cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo

[kubernetes]

name=Kubernetes

baseurl=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-\$basearch

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

repo_gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg

EOF

# yum install kubeadm kubelet kubectl -y

# systemctl enable kubelet

# systemctl start kubelet

10. At this point we could copy and paste the join command from the master node. That command only works for 2 hours, so we will build our own join should we want to add nodes in the future. Find the token on the master node. The token lasts 2 hours by default. If it has been longer, and no token is present you can generate a new one with the sudo kubeadm token create command, seen in the following command.

In the master node:

a. Current list of nodes:

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get nodes

NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION

k8s-ctrl-node Ready master 69m v1.18.8

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

b. Current token list:

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubeadm token list

TOKEN TTL EXPIRES USAGES DESCRIPTION EXTRA GROUPS

23u5cu.qg743q4ashyu5qer 48m 2020-08-18T17:10:56Z <none> Proxy for managing TTL

for the kubeadm-certs secret <none>

m5aw0z.fruf9mj9yk91pj2r 22h 2020-08-19T15:10:56Z authentication,

signing <none> system:bootstrappers:

kubeadm:

default-node-token

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

c. Create a new token:

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubeadm token create

2lw5fx.fl1x8usqfv8ipmez

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

11. Create and use a Discovery Token CA Cert Hash created from the master to ensure the node joins the cluster in a secure manner. Run this on the master node or wherever you have a copy of the CA file. You will get a long string as output.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ openssl x509 -pubkey -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/ˆ.* //'

(stdin)= 75dc7ce02003921a665ca25d43008e18ba7c96e7f802efdf75a3428f25bb93de

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

12. Use the token and hash, in this case as sha256:long-hash to join the cluster from the worker node. Use the private IP address or hostname of the master server and port 6443. The output of the kubeadm init on the master also has an example to use, should it still be available. Ensure to run this command as root user in the worker node.

[root@k8s-wrkr-node ~]# kubeadm join --token 2lw5fx.fl1x8usqfv8ipmez k8s-ctrl-node:6443 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:75dc7ce02003921a665ca25d43008e18ba7c96e7f802efdf75a3428f25bb93de

W0818 16:35:46.096775 9571 join.go:346] [preflight] WARNING: JoinControlPane.controlPlane settings will be ignored when control-plane flag is not set.

[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...

[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'

[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.18" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace

[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"

[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"

[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet

[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...

This node has joined the cluster:

* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.

* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.

[root@k8s-wrkr-node ~]#

13. Check the status in the control-plane node:

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get nodes

NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION

k8s-ctrl-node Ready master 86m v1.18.8

k8s-wrkr-node Ready <none> 89s v1.18.8

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

14. Look at the details of the node:

$ kubectl describe nodes k8s-ctrl-node

$ kubectl describe nodes k8s-wrkr-node

15. Allow the master server to run non-infrastructure pods. The master node begins tainted for security and performance reasons. We will allow usage of the node in the training environment, but this step may be skipped in a production environment. Note the minus sign (-) at the end, which is the syntax to remove a taint. As the second node does not have the taint you will get a not found error.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl describe nodes|grep -i taint

Taints: node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule

Taints: <none>

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student @k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl taint node --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule-

node/k8s-ctrl-node untainted

error: taint "node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule" not found

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl describe nodes|grep -i taint

Taints: <none>

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

16. Now that the master node is able to execute any pod we may find there is a new taint. This behavior began with v1.12.0, requiring a newly added node to be enabled. It has reappeared in versions since then. View, then remove the taint if present. It can take a minute or two for the scheduler to deploy the remaining pods.

17. Determine if the DNS and Calico pods are ready for use. They should all show a status of Running. It may take a minute or two to transition from Pending.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces

NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

kube-system calico-kube-controllers-578894d4cd-j9zs2 1/1 Running 2 15h

kube-system calico-node-gjb4z 0/1 Running 2 15h

kube-system calico-node-p2c5z 0/1 Running 2 14h

kube-system coredns-66bff467f8-dvwmt 1/1 Running 2 16h

kube-system coredns-66bff467f8-kbcjl 1/1 Running 2 16h

kube-system etcd-k8s-ctrl-node 1/1 Running 2 16h

kube-system kube-apiserver-k8s-ctrl-node 1/1 Running 2 16h

kube-system kube-controller-manager-k8s-ctrl-node 1/1 Running 2 16h

kube-system kube-proxy-9dz2k 1/1 Running 2 14h

kube-system kube-proxy-dnggs 1/1 Running 2 16h

kube-system kube-scheduler-k8s-ctrl-node 1/1 Running 2 16h

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

Note:- Currently all the coredns- pods are in Running status. If found them in ContainerCreating status, you may have to delete them, causing new ones to be generated. Delete both pods and check to see they show a Running state. Your pod names will be different. Delete the pods by using below command.

$ kubectl -n kube-system delete pod coredns-66bff467f8-dvwmt coredns-66bff467f8-kbcjl

18. When it finished you should see a new tunnel, tunl0, interface. It may take up to a minute to be created. As you create objects more interfaces will be created, such as cali interfaces when you deploy pods, as shown in the output below.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ ifconfig

cali0b67d7ad0d9: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1440

inet6 fe80::ecee:eeff:feee:eeee prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

ether ee:ee:ee:ee:ee:ee txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)

RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

cali3e5c4e57a02: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1440

inet6 fe80::ecee:eeff:feee:eeee prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

ether ee:ee:ee:ee:ee:ee txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)

RX packets 6670 bytes 739736 (722.3 KiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 6860 bytes 3922446 (3.7 MiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

cali76224f29918: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1440

inet6 fe80::ecee:eeff:feee:eeee prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

ether ee:ee:ee:ee:ee:ee txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)

RX packets 299778 bytes 72806753 (69.4 MiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 299778 bytes 72806753 (69.4 MiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 0.0.0.0

ether 02:42:31:39:bb:d4 txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)

RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

ens5: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 9001

inet 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255

inet6 fe80::8f:c0ff:fea5:4d0e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

ether 02:8f:c0:a5:4d:0e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

RX packets 6670 bytes 739736 (722.3 KiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 6860 bytes 3922446 (3.7 MiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536

inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0

inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>

loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)

RX packets 299778 bytes 72806753 (69.4 MiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 299778 bytes 72806753 (69.4 MiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

tunl0: flags=193<UP,RUNNING,NOARP> mtu 1440

inet 172.16.121.0 netmask 255.255.255.255

tunnel txqueuelen 1000 (IPIP Tunnel)

RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

Deploy A Simple application

We will test to see if we can deploy a simple application, in this case the nginx web server. This portion is intended for a lab exercise to know how to create an application in different ways and see its properties.

1. Create a new deployment, which is a Kubernetes object, which will deploy an application in a container. Verify it is running and the desired number of containers matches the available.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx

deployment.apps/nginx created

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get deployments.apps

NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE

nginx 1/1 1 1 40s

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

2. Check the details of the deployment.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl describe deployments.apps nginx

Name: nginx

Namespace: default

CreationTimestamp: Wed, 19 Aug 2020 11:28:02 +0000

Labels: app=nginx

Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 1

Selector: app=nginx

Replicas: 1 desired | 1 updated | 1 total | 1 available | 0 unavailable

StrategyType: RollingUpdate

MinReadySeconds: 0

RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge

Pod Template:

Labels: app=nginx

Containers:

nginx:

Image: nginx

Port: <none>

Host Port: <none>

Environment: <none>

Mounts: <none>

Volumes: <none>

Conditions:

Type Status Reason

---- ------ ------

Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable

Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable

OldReplicaSets: <none>

NewReplicaSet: nginx-f89759699 (1/1 replicas created)

Events:

Type Reason Age From Message

---- ------ ---- ---- -------

Normal ScalingReplicaSet 105s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-f89759699 to 1

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

3. Check the basic steps the cluster took in order to pull and deploy the new application. You should see several lines of output. The first column shows the age of each message. Over time older messages will be removed.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get events

LAST SEEN TYPE REASON OBJECT MESSAGE

<<Output Omitted>>

<unknown> Normal Scheduled pod/nginx-f89759699-6tk69 Successfully assigned default/nginx-f89759699-6tk69 to k8s-wrkr-node

3m50s Normal Pulling pod/nginx-f89759699-6tk69 Pulling image "nginx"

3m41s Normal Pulled pod/nginx-f89759699-6tk69 Successfully pulled image "nginx"

3m40s Normal Created pod/nginx-f89759699-6tk69 Created container nginx

3m40s Normal Started pod/nginx-f89759699-6tk69 Started container nginx

3m51s Normal SuccessfulCreate replicaset/nginx-f89759699 Created pod: nginx-f89759699-6tk69

3m51s Normal ScalingReplicaSet deployment/nginx Scaled up replica set nginx-f89759699 to 1

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

4. The output can also be seen in yaml format, which could be used to create this deployment again or new deployments. Get the information but change the output to yaml. Note that halfway down there is status information of the current deployment.

$ kubectl get deployments.apps nginx -o yaml

5. Run the command again and redirect the output to a file. Then edit the file. Remove the creationTimestamp, resourceVersion, selfLink, and uid lines. Also remove all the lines including and after status; which should be somewhere around line 120, if others have already been removed.

$ kubectl get deployments.apps nginx -o yaml >file1.yaml

$ vim file1.yaml

6. Delete the existing deployment.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl delete deployments.apps nginx

deployment.apps "nginx" deleted

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

7. Create the deployment again this time using the file.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl create -f file1.yaml

deployment.apps/nginx created

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

8. Look at the yaml output of this iteration and compare it against the first. The creation time stamp, resource version and unique ID we had deleted are in the new file. These are generated for each resource we create, so we need to delete them from yaml files to avoid conflicts or false information. You may notice some time stamp differences as well. The status should not be hard-coded either.

$ kubectl get deployment nginx -o yaml > file2.yaml

$ diff file1.yaml file2.yaml

9. Now that we have worked with the raw output. We will explore two other ways of generating useful YAML or JSON. Use the --dry-run option and verify no object was created. Only the prior nginx deployment should be found. The output lacks the unique information we removed before but does have different output such as the apiVersion.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl create deployment newnginx --image=nginx --dry-run=client -o yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1

kind: Deployment

metadata:

creationTimestamp: null

labels:

app: newnginx

spec:

replicas: 1

selector:

matchLabels:

app: newnginx

strategy: {}

template:

metadata:

creationTimestamp: null

labels:

app: newnginx

spec:

containers:

- image: nginx

resources: {}

status: {}

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get deployments.apps

NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE

nginx 1/1 1 1 27m

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

10. To see it in json format.

$ kubectl get deployments.apps nginx -o json

11. The newly deployed nginx container is a lightweight web server. We will need to create a service to view the default welcome page. Begin by looking at the help output [$ kubectl expose -h].

$ kubectl expose -h

12. Now try to gain access to the web server. As we have not declared a port to use you will receive an error.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl expose deployment nginx

error: couldn't find port via --port flag or introspection

See 'kubectl expose -h' for help and examples

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

13. To change an object configuration one can, use subcommands apply, edit or patch for non-disruptive updates. The apply command does a three-way diff of previous, current, and supplied input to determine modifications to make. Fields not mentioned are unaffected. The edit function performs a get, opens an editor, then an apply. You can update API objects in place with JSON patch and merge patch or strategic merge patch functionality. If the configuration has resource fields which cannot be updated once initialized then a disruptive update could be done using the replace --force option. This deletes first then re-creates a resource. Edit the file, find the container name, somewhere and add the port information as shown below.

spec:

containers:

- image: nginx

imagePullPolicy: Always

ports:

- containerPort: 80

protocol: TCP

resources: {}

14. Due to how the object was created we will need to use replace to terminate and create a new deployment.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl replace -f file1.yaml

deployment.apps/nginx replaced

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

15. View the Pod and Deployment. Note the AGE shows the Pod was re-created.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get deployments.apps,pod

NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE

deployment.apps/nginx 1/1 1 1 33s

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pod/nginx-d46f5678b-2n5b7 1/1 Running 0 33s

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl describe deployments.apps nginx

Name: nginx

Namespace: default

CreationTimestamp: Wed, 19 Aug 2020 13:48:49 +0000

Labels: app=nginx

Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 1

Selector: app=nginx

Replicas: 1 desired | 1 updated | 1 total | 1 available | 0 unavailable

StrategyType: RollingUpdate

MinReadySeconds: 0

RollingUpdateStrategy: 25% max unavailable, 25% max surge

Pod Template:

Labels: app=nginx

Containers:

nginx:

Image: nginx

Port: 80/TCP

Host Port: 0/TCP

Environment: <none>

Mounts: <none>

Volumes: <none>

Conditions:

Type Status Reason

---- ------ ------

Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable

Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable

OldReplicaSets: <none>

NewReplicaSet: nginx-d46f5678b (1/1 replicas created)

Events:

Type Reason Age From Message

---- ------ ---- ---- -------

Normal ScalingReplicaSet 62s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-d46f5678b to 1

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

16. Try to expose the resource again. This time it should work.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl expose deployment nginx

service/nginx exposed

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

17. Verify the service configuration. First look at the service, then the endpoint information. Note the ClusterIP is not the current endpoint. Calico provides the ClusterIP. The Endpoint is provided by kubelet and kube-proxy. Take note of the current endpoint IP. In the example below it is 172.16.123.7:80.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get services nginx

NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE

nginx ClusterIP 10.111.199.219 <none> 80/TCP 55s

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get endpoints nginx

NAME ENDPOINTS AGE

nginx 172.16.123.7:80 5m25s

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

18. Determine which node the container is running on. Log into that node and use tcpdump, which you may need to install using yum install, to view traffic on the tunl0, as in tunnel zero, interface. The second node in this example. You may also see traffic on an interface which starts with cali and some string. Leave that command running while you run curl in the following step. You should see several messages go back and forth, including a HTTP HTTP/1.1 200 OK: and a ack response to the same sequence.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl describe pods nginx-d46f5678b-9cpzg |grep -i Node:

Node: k8s-wrkr-node/192.168.1.27

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

19. Test access to the Cluster IP, port 80. You should see the generic nginx installed and working page. The output should be the same when you look at the ENDPOINTS IP address. If the curl command times out the pod may be running on the other node. Run the same command on that node and it should work.

[student@k8s-wrkr-node ~]$ curl 10.111.199.219:80

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>

<style>

[student@k8s-wrkr-node ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i cali8c33c24065d

tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode

listening on cali8c33c24065d, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes

14:46:32.048469 IP k8s-wrkr-node.4719 > 172.16.123.7.http: Flags [S], seq 4231341107, win 26883, options [mss 8961,sackOK,TS val 1599119 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0

14:46:32.048521 IP 172.16.123.7.http > k8s-wrkr-node.4719: Flags [S.], seq 2806889757, ack 4231341108, win 27760, options [mss 1400,sackOK,TS val 1599120 ecr 1599119,nop,wscale 7], length 0

12 packets captured

12 packets received by filter

0 packets dropped by kernel

[student@k8s-wrkr-node ~]$

[student@k8s-wrkr-node ~]$ curl 172.16.123.7:80

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>

<style>

body {

20. Now scale up the deployment from one to three web servers.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get deployments.apps nginx

NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE

nginx 1/1 1 1 27m

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=4

deployment.apps/nginx scaled

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get deployments.apps nginx

NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE

nginx 4/4 4 4 28m

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

21. Check the current endpoints. There now should be four. If the UP-TO-DATE above said three, but AVAILABLE said two wait a few seconds and try again, it could be slow to fully deploy.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get endpoints nginx

NAME ENDPOINTS AGE

nginx 172.16.121.20:80,172.16.123.7:80,172.16.123.8:80 + 1 more... 40m

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

22. Find the oldest pod of the nginx deployment and delete it. The Tab key can be helpful for the long names. Use the AGE field to determine which was running the longest. You may notice activity in the other terminal where tcpdump is running, when you delete the pod. The pods with 172.16.121 addresses are probably on the master and the 172.16.123 addresses are probably on the worker.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get pod -o wide

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES

nginx-d46f5678b-9cpzg 1/1 Running 0 31m 172.16.123.7 k8s-wrkr-node <none> <none>

nginx-d46f5678b-ddzm9 1/1 Running 0 4m1s 172.16.123.9 k8s-wrkr-node <none> <none>

nginx-d46f5678b-n7vwm 1/1 Running 0 4m1s 172.16.121.20 k8s-ctrl-node <none> <none>

nginx-d46f5678b-vt2nv 1/1 Running 0 4m1s 172.16.123.8 k8s-wrkr-node <none> <none>

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl delete pod nginx-d46f5678b-9cpzg

pod "nginx-d46f5678b-9cpzg" deleted

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

23. Wait a minute or two then view the pods again. One should be newer than the others. In the following example twenty-nine seconds instead of seven minutes. If your tcpdump was using the veth interface of that container it will error out.

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get pod

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

nginx-d46f5678b-ddzm9 1/1 Running 0 7m34s

nginx-d46f5678b-n7vwm 1/1 Running 0 7m34s

nginx-d46f5678b-vt2nv 1/1 Running 0 7m34s

nginx-d46f5678b-wqhgd 1/1 Running 0 29s

[student@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

The endpoints also be changed if we delete the pods. The CLUSTER-IP will forward the traffic to newly created end points.

Access the application from outside

A service can be accessed from outside the cluster using a DNS add-on or environment variables. We will use environment variables to gain access to a Pod.

1. Get the list of pods.

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get po -o wide

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES

nginx-d46f5678b-ddzm9 1/1 Running 1 19h 172.16.123.11 k8s-wrkr-node <none> <none>

nginx-d46f5678b-n7vwm 1/1 Running 1 19h 172.16.121.26 k8s-ctrl-node <none> <none>

nginx-d46f5678b-vt2nv 1/1 Running 1 19h 172.16.123.10 k8s-wrkr-node <none> <none>

nginx-d46f5678b-wqhgd 1/1 Running 1 19h 172.16.121.25 k8s-ctrl-node <none> <none>

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

2. Select one of the pode and get the environment details.

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl exec nginx-d46f5678b-ddzm9 -- printenv|grep -i KUBERNETES

KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443

KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.96.0.1:443

KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443

KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.96.0.1

KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.96.0.1

KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443

KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.96.0.1:443

KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

3. Delete the existing service.

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get service

NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE

kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 43h

nginx ClusterIP 10.111.199.219 <none> 80/TCP 20h

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl delete service nginx

service "nginx" deleted

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get service

NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE

kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 43h

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

4. Create the service again, but this time pass the LoadBalancer type. Check to see the status and note the external ports mentioned. The output will show the External-IP as pending. Unless a provider responds with a load balancer it will continue to show as pending.

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl expose deployment nginx --type=LoadBalancer

service/nginx exposed

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get service

NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE

kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 43h

nginx LoadBalancer 10.105.118.208 <pending> 80:31033/TCP 17s

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

5. Open a browser on your local system and use the public IP of your node and port 31033, shown in the output above. If running the labs on remote nodes like AWS or GCE use the public IP you used with PuTTY or SSH to gain access.

6. Scale the deployment to zero replicas. Then test the web page again. Once all pods have finished terminating accessing the web page should fail.

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl scale --replicas=0 deployment nginx

deployment.apps/nginx scaled

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get pods -o wide

No resources found in default namespace.

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

7. Scale the deployment up to two replicas. The web page should work again

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl scale --replicas=2 deployment nginx

deployment.apps/nginx scaled

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl get po -o wide

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES

nginx-d46f5678b-8thvb 1/1 Running 0 55s 172.16.121.27 k8s-ctrl-node <none> <none>

nginx-d46f5678b-dm4tr 1/1 Running 0 55s 172.16.123.12 k8s-wrkr-node <none> <none>

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

8. Delete the deployment to recover system resources. Note that deleting a deployment does not delete the endpoints or services.

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl delete deployments.apps nginx

deployment.apps "nginx" deleted

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl delete endpoints nginx

endpoints "nginx" deleted

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$ kubectl delete service nginx

service "nginx" deleted

[rajesh@k8s-ctrl-node ~]$

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Kubernetes Installation in CentOS 7

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How to configure NTP in RHEL8 or CentOS 8 by chronyd.

YUM configuration in AIX.

How to enable VNC server (get GUI remotely) in CentOS 7, RHEL 7, CentOS 8 and RHEL 8 servers.

AIX Commands

Remote X11 forwarding for AIX in command line.

BareMetal restoration of Linux (RedHat or CentOS) by ReaR.

How to change or configure hostname/Server Name in RHEL 7, CentOS 7, RHEL 8 or CentOS 8 systems.